Diabetes, thyroid, and hormone replacement drug classes with mechanism and one signature side effect per card.
36 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What is the primary mechanism of action of metformin?
- Decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis
- What serious adverse effect is linked to metformin, especially with renal impairment?
- Lactic acidosis
- How do sulfonylureas such as glipizide and glyburide stimulate insulin release?
- They close ATP-sensitive potassium channels on pancreatic beta cells
- Because sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release regardless of glucose level, their most common adverse effect is ____.
- hypoglycemia
- Besides hypoglycemia, what other adverse effect is common with sulfonylureas?
- Weight gain
- Thiazolidinediones (e.g., pioglitazone) act as agonists at which nuclear receptor?
- PPAR-gamma
- What adverse effect makes thiazolidinediones risky in patients with heart failure?
- Fluid retention and edema
- What enzyme do DPP-4 inhibitors such as sitagliptin block?
- Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)
- What potential adverse effect is associated with DPP-4 inhibitors?
- Pancreatitis
- What gastrointestinal side effect is most common with GLP-1 receptor agonists?
- Nausea and vomiting
- What is the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors such as empagliflozin?
- They block glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
- SGLT2 inhibitors can cause a rare complication called ____, where ketoacidosis occurs despite near-normal blood glucose.
- euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis
- What is the mechanism of action of acarbose?
- Inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidase, delaying carbohydrate absorption
- Besides hypoglycemia, what electrolyte abnormality can insulin therapy cause?
- Hypokalemia
- What hormone deficiency does levothyroxine treat?
- Hypothyroidism (thyroid hormone, T4, deficiency)