High-yield drug classes (second half: GI, renal, endocrine, respiratory, antineoplastic) with mechanism of action, one card per class or key drug.
48 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- How do proton pump inhibitors reduce gastric acid?
- Irreversible inhibition of the H+/K+-ATPase pump on parietal cells
- Mechanism of action of H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine, famotidine)
- Competitive antagonism of histamine H2 receptors on parietal cells
- How does sucralfate protect against peptic ulcers?
- Forms a protective barrier coating over the ulcer base by binding to ulcer crater proteins
- Metoclopramide increases gastric emptying by which mechanism?
- D2 dopamine receptor antagonism; increases acetylcholine effect on smooth muscle
- Ondansetron's primary mechanism for preventing nausea and vomiting
- 5-HT3 serotonin receptor antagonism in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and GI tract
- How does loperamide reduce diarrhea?
- Mu opioid receptor agonist that increases intestinal muscle tone and reduces propulsive contractions
- Bismuth subsalicylate reduces diarrhea by which mechanism?
- Antimicrobial activity and anti-inflammatory effects on the intestinal mucosa
- Mesalamine (5-ASA) mechanism in inflammatory bowel disease
- Local anti-inflammatory action on GI mucosa; inhibits NF-kappa-B and reduces TNF-alpha production
- Antacids reduce gastric acid by what mechanism?
- Direct chemical neutralization of gastric acid (HCl) via bases like CaCO3, MgOH, Al(OH)3
- Why is omeprazole more effective than H2 blockers at controlling acid?
- Irreversible H+/K+-ATPase inhibition (vs. competitive antagonism) produces near-complete acid suppression
- Loop diuretics increase urine volume by inhibiting which transporter?
- Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
- Thiazide diuretics inhibit which renal transporter?
- Na+/Cl- cotransporter (NCC) in the distal convoluted tubule
- Potassium-sparing diuretics work by which two main mechanisms?
- ENaC channel blockers (amiloride, triamterene) or aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone)
- How do osmotic diuretics increase urine output?
- Increase plasma osmolarity, drawing water into the blood, then filtered by the glomerulus but not reabsorbed in the tubule
- ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by inhibiting which enzyme?
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), blocking formation of angiotensin II from angiotensin I