A condensed rapid review pass over the highest yield cardiovascular and renal facts across pathology, physiology, and pharmacology for final week review.
39 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What does a third heart sound (S3) usually indicate in an adult?
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Volume overload, as in heart failure- What does a fourth heart sound (S4) indicate?
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A stiff, non-compliant ventricle (e.g., from hypertrophy)- What is Beck's triad a sign of?
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Cardiac tamponade- Define pulsus paradoxus.
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A drop in systolic blood pressure of more than 10 mmHg during inspiration- What is Kussmaul sign and what condition classically causes it?
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A paradoxical rise in jugular venous pressure during inspiration, seen in constrictive pericarditis- According to the Frank-Starling law, what happens to stroke volume as venous return (preload) increases?
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Stroke volume increases- Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by what?
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Heart rate- Ejection fraction is calculated as stroke volume divided by what?
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End-diastolic volume- What is the mechanism of beta blockers as antiarrhythmics (Class II)?
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They decrease sympathetic activity, slowing phase 4 depolarization at the SA and AV nodes- What is the mechanism of Class III antiarrhythmics?
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They block potassium channels, prolonging repolarization and the effective refractory period- What enzyme do ACE inhibitors block?
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme, preventing conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II- Why do ACE inhibitors cause a dry cough?
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They prevent breakdown of bradykinin, which accumulates in the lungs- Where do loop diuretics act and what do they inhibit?
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The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, where they inhibit the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter- Where do thiazide diuretics act and what do they inhibit?
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The distal convoluted tubule, where they inhibit the Na-Cl cotransporter- What is the mechanism of digoxin?
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It inhibits the Na/K-ATPase pump, raising intracellular calcium and increasing myocardial contractility
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