Glomerular and tubulointerstitial disease morphology, nephrotic versus nephritic patterns, and classic renal biopsy findings. Original cards testing the underlying concepts.
40 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What defines nephrotic syndrome in terms of proteinuria?
- Proteinuria greater than 3.5 g per day
- Besides massive proteinuria, what triad of findings accompanies nephrotic syndrome?
- Hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia
- What urinary finding is the hallmark of nephritic syndrome?
- Hematuria with red blood cell casts
- Why does hypertension commonly occur in nephritic syndrome?
- Glomerular inflammation reduces GFR, causing salt and water retention
- On light microscopy, what do the glomeruli look like in minimal change disease?
- Normal appearing
- What electron microscopy finding is diagnostic of minimal change disease?
- Diffuse effacement of podocyte foot processes
- What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
- Minimal change disease
- How does minimal change disease typically respond to treatment?
- Excellent response to corticosteroids
- What light microscopy pattern defines focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?
- Sclerosis in some glomeruli (focal) and only part of each affected glomerulus (segmental)
- What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in Black adults?
- Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- FSGS is classically associated with which two conditions?
- HIV infection and heroin use
- What electron microscopy pattern is seen in membranous nephropathy?
- Subepithelial deposits producing a 'spike and dome' appearance
- What is the most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome in white adults?
- Membranous nephropathy
- Which antibody is most associated with primary membranous nephropathy?
- Anti-PLA2R (phospholipase A2 receptor) antibody
- Name three causes of secondary membranous nephropathy.
- Hepatitis B infection, solid tumors, and systemic lupus erythematosus