A condensed rapid review pass over the highest yield gastroenterology facts for final week review.
39 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What causes achalasia?
- Loss of inhibitory ganglion cells in the myenteric (Auerbach) plexus, causing the lower esophageal sphincter to fail to relax.
- What classic barium swallow finding is seen in achalasia?
- A bird beak sign, tapered narrowing at the lower esophageal sphincter with proximal esophageal dilation.
- What histologic change defines Barrett esophagus?
- Metaplasia from stratified squamous to columnar epithelium with goblet cells in the distal esophagus.
- What is Boerhaave syndrome?
- Full-thickness esophageal rupture, classically from forceful vomiting.
- What is a Mallory-Weiss tear?
- A mucosal, partial-thickness longitudinal tear at the gastroesophageal junction, often from forceful vomiting or retching.
- Plummer-Vinson syndrome consists of esophageal webs, iron deficiency anemia, and ____.
- dysphagia
- What is the most common cause of esophageal varices?
- Portal hypertension, usually from cirrhosis.
- How does eating affect pain in a gastric ulcer?
- Pain worsens with food intake.
- How does eating affect pain in a duodenal ulcer?
- Pain improves with food intake, then returns two to three hours later.
- Which bacterium is most strongly associated with peptic ulcer disease?
- Helicobacter pylori.
- How do NSAIDs cause peptic ulcers?
- By inhibiting COX-1, reducing protective prostaglandins in the gastric mucosa.
- What tumor causes Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?
- A gastrin-secreting tumor (gastrinoma), often located in the duodenum or pancreas.
- What histologic feature defines diffuse-type gastric cancer?
- Signet ring cells infiltrating the stomach wall without forming gland structures.
- What does a Virchow node indicate?
- Metastatic spread of gastric or other abdominal cancer to the left supraclavicular lymph node.
- What is a Krukenberg tumor?
- A metastatic ovarian tumor, classically from a signet ring cell gastric cancer.