Cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancer risk factors, staging, and screening concepts tested on USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK.
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- The most important risk factor for cervical cancer
- Persistent infection with high-risk HPV, especially types 16 and 18
- The most common histologic type of cervical cancer
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Cervical cancer screening in average-risk women primarily relies on
- Pap smear cytology with or without HPV co-testing
- Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) represents
- A precancerous, dysplastic change in the cervical epithelium
- HPV vaccination primarily aims to prevent infection with
- High-risk HPV strains associated with cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and oropharyngeal cancers
- Classic clinical presentation of cervical cancer
- Postcoital bleeding or abnormal vaginal bleeding
- The transformation zone of the cervix is significant because
- It is the most common site of origin for cervical dysplasia and cancer
- The most common type of ovarian tumor overall
- Epithelial ovarian tumors
- A key tumor marker used to monitor epithelial ovarian cancer
- CA-125
- A major risk factor for epithelial ovarian cancer
- BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, or a family history of breast or ovarian cancer
- A protective factor against ovarian cancer
- Prior oral contraceptive use, which reduces the number of ovulatory cycles
- Germ cell ovarian tumors are more common in which population
- Younger women and adolescents
- A dermoid cyst (mature cystic teratoma) is a type of
- Benign germ cell ovarian tumor that can contain hair, teeth, and sebaceous material
- A tumor marker associated with dysgerminoma
- Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
- A tumor marker associated with yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
- Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
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