Cervical, ovarian, and endometrial cancer risk factors, staging, and screening concepts tested on USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK.
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- The most important risk factor for cervical cancer
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Persistent infection with high-risk HPV, especially types 16 and 18- The most common histologic type of cervical cancer
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Squamous cell carcinoma- Cervical cancer screening in average-risk women primarily relies on
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Pap smear cytology with or without HPV co-testing- Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) represents
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A precancerous, dysplastic change in the cervical epithelium- HPV vaccination primarily aims to prevent infection with
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High-risk HPV strains associated with cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and oropharyngeal cancers- Classic clinical presentation of cervical cancer
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Postcoital bleeding or abnormal vaginal bleeding- The transformation zone of the cervix is significant because
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It is the most common site of origin for cervical dysplasia and cancer- The most common type of ovarian tumor overall
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Epithelial ovarian tumors- A key tumor marker used to monitor epithelial ovarian cancer
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CA-125- A major risk factor for epithelial ovarian cancer
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BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation, or a family history of breast or ovarian cancer- A protective factor against ovarian cancer
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Prior oral contraceptive use, which reduces the number of ovulatory cycles- Germ cell ovarian tumors are more common in which population
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Younger women and adolescents- A dermoid cyst (mature cystic teratoma) is a type of
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Benign germ cell ovarian tumor that can contain hair, teeth, and sebaceous material- A tumor marker associated with dysgerminoma
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Elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)- A tumor marker associated with yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
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Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
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