Male and female infertility causes and assisted reproductive technology concepts (IVF, IUI, ovulation induction) tested on USMLE Step 1.
35 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What is the most common identifiable cause of male infertility?
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Varicocele- How does a varicocele impair fertility?
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It raises scrotal/testicular temperature, impairing spermatogenesis- Karyotype of Klinefelter syndrome?
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47,XXY- What gonadotropin pattern is seen in Klinefelter syndrome?
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Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (low testosterone, high LH and FSH)- Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD) is associated with mutations in which gene?
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CFTR- What two conditions does cryptorchidism increase the risk of?
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Infertility and testicular cancer- Kallmann syndrome is caused by a deficiency of which hormone?
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GnRH- What non-reproductive symptom classically accompanies Kallmann syndrome?
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Anosmia (inability to smell)- What gonadotropin pattern is seen in Kallmann syndrome?
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Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (low GnRH, LH, FSH, and testosterone)- What is the WHO reference lower limit for normal semen volume?
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1.5 mL- What is the WHO reference lower limit for normal sperm concentration?
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15 million sperm per mL- What is the WHO reference lower limit for normal sperm motility?
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40 percent- Azoospermia is defined as the complete absence of ____ in the ejaculate.
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sperm- Which lab test helps distinguish obstructive from nonobstructive azoospermia?
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Serum FSH (normal in obstructive, elevated in nonobstructive/testicular failure)- What are the Rotterdam criteria used to diagnose?
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), requiring 2 of 3: oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
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