Benign and malignant breast conditions with their hallmark clinical and histologic findings tested on USMLE Step 1.
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- Fibrocystic breast changes classically present with
- Bilateral, tender, mobile lumps that fluctuate with the menstrual cycle
- A fibroadenoma classically presents as
- A well-circumscribed, mobile, painless breast mass in a young woman
- Fibroadenomas are known to
- Increase in size during pregnancy or with estrogen exposure
- Intraductal papilloma classically presents with
- Unilateral, spontaneous, often bloody nipple discharge
- Fat necrosis of the breast is most often associated with
- A history of trauma or prior surgery to the breast
- Fat necrosis on mammography can mimic
- Breast cancer, due to a similar irregular calcified mass appearance
- Mastitis in a breastfeeding woman is most commonly caused by
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is defined by
- Malignant cells confined within the duct without invasion through the basement membrane
- Invasive ductal carcinoma is the
- Most common type of invasive breast cancer
- Invasive lobular carcinoma is characterized histologically by
- Cells growing in single-file rows, often due to loss of E-cadherin
- Inflammatory breast cancer classically presents with
- Skin erythema, warmth, and peau d'orange appearance from dermal lymphatic invasion
- Paget disease of the breast presents with
- Eczematous, crusting changes of the nipple, often associated with an underlying ductal carcinoma
- The most common site of breast cancer within the breast
- The upper outer quadrant
- A major nonmodifiable risk factor for breast cancer
- Increasing age
- BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase risk for which cancers
- Breast and ovarian cancer
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