Menopause symptom management, hormone replacement therapy risks and benefits, and bone health screening in clinical practice.
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- What is the clinical definition of menopause?
- 12 consecutive months without a menstrual period
- What is the average age of natural menopause in the United States?
- 51 years old
- What is perimenopause?
- The transitional period before menopause marked by irregular menstrual cycles and fluctuating hormones
- What is premature menopause?
- Menopause occurring before age 40
- What underlying process causes menopause?
- Depletion of ovarian follicles
- Which hormone declines to drive menopausal symptoms?
- Estrogen (estradiol)
- How does FSH level change at menopause?
- FSH rises due to loss of negative feedback from ovarian estrogen and inhibin
- What is the most common vasomotor symptom of menopause?
- Hot flashes
- What causes hot flashes during menopause?
- Dysfunction of the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center triggered by estrogen withdrawal
- What is genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM)?
- Vaginal dryness, atrophy, dyspareunia, and urinary symptoms caused by estrogen deficiency
- What happens to bone density in the years after menopause?
- Bone loss accelerates due to loss of estrogen's protective effect
- How does cardiovascular risk change after menopause?
- It increases
- What is the first-line treatment for moderate to severe menopausal vasomotor symptoms?
- Systemic hormone therapy
- What is the main risk of giving unopposed estrogen to a woman with an intact uterus?
- Endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer
- Why is a progestogen added to estrogen therapy in women with a uterus?
- To protect the endometrium from unopposed estrogen stimulation