Endocrine gland pathology and tumor morphology (thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, pancreatic islet), distinct from the hormone-axis focused USMLE Endocrine deck.
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- What is the most common type of thyroid carcinoma?
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Papillary thyroid carcinoma
- What nuclear feature is characteristic of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells?
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Empty-appearing nuclei with central clearing (Orphan Annie eye nuclei)
- Psammoma bodies, concentric calcified structures, are a histologic feature of ____.
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papillary thyroid carcinoma
- What nuclear feature, besides clearing, helps identify papillary thyroid carcinoma cells?
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Nuclear grooves (longitudinal folds in the nucleus)
- How is follicular thyroid carcinoma distinguished from a follicular adenoma?
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By capsular and/or vascular invasion seen on histology
- What is the primary route of metastasis for follicular thyroid carcinoma?
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Hematogenous spread
- Medullary thyroid carcinoma arises from which cell type?
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Parafollicular C cells
- What hormone is secreted by medullary thyroid carcinoma?
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Calcitonin
- Medullary thyroid carcinoma is associated with which familial syndromes?
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MEN2A and MEN2B
- What substance forms the stroma of medullary thyroid carcinoma?
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Amyloid, derived from deposited calcitonin
- Which thyroid carcinoma subtype is most aggressive and typically occurs in older adults?
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Anaplastic (undifferentiated) thyroid carcinoma
- What cell type is characteristically seen in Hashimoto thyroiditis?
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Hurthle cells (oxyphilic cells with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm)
- Chronic Hashimoto thyroiditis increases the risk of developing thyroid ____.
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lymphoma
- What histologic finding describes the colloid in Graves disease?
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Scalloped, pale colloid margins from hyperactive follicular epithelium
- What type of inflammation characterizes subacute (de Quervain) thyroiditis?
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Granulomatous inflammation