Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination concepts as they determine a toxin's dose-response relationship.
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- What does the acronym ADME stand for in pharmacokinetics?
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Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion- What term describes a foreign chemical substance found within a living organism that is not normally naturally produced by it?
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A xenobiotic- What is the difference between first-order and zero-order elimination kinetics?
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First-order kinetics eliminates a constant fraction of drug per unit time, while zero-order kinetics eliminates a constant amount per unit time regardless of concentration- What term describes the time required for the concentration of a substance in the blood to decrease by half?
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Half-life- Approximately how many half-lives does it take for a substance to be considered essentially eliminated from the body?
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About 4 to 5 half-lives- What term describes the theoretical volume a drug would need to occupy to account for the concentration found in plasma?
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Volume of distribution- What does a very large volume of distribution suggest about a drug's tissue distribution?
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The drug distributes extensively into tissues rather than remaining in the plasma- What term describes the fraction of an administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged?
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Bioavailability- What term describes the metabolism of a drug in the liver or gut wall before it reaches systemic circulation, reducing oral bioavailability?
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First-pass metabolism- What enzyme family in the liver is responsible for the majority of oxidative drug and toxin metabolism?
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The cytochrome P450 enzyme system- What term describes a substance that increases the activity of metabolic enzymes, potentially speeding the clearance of other drugs?
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An enzyme inducer- What term describes a substance that decreases the activity of metabolic enzymes, potentially causing toxic accumulation of other drugs?
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An enzyme inhibitor- What are Phase I biotransformation reactions generally characterized by?
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Oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis reactions that often introduce or expose a reactive functional group- What are Phase II biotransformation reactions generally characterized by?
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Conjugation reactions, such as glucuronidation or sulfation, that typically increase water solubility for excretion- What term describes the recycling of a substance excreted in bile, reabsorbed from the intestine back into the bloodstream?
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Enterohepatic recirculation
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