Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination concepts as they determine a toxin's dose-response relationship.
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- What does the acronym ADME stand for in pharmacokinetics?
- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
- What term describes a foreign chemical substance found within a living organism that is not normally naturally produced by it?
- A xenobiotic
- What is the difference between first-order and zero-order elimination kinetics?
- First-order kinetics eliminates a constant fraction of drug per unit time, while zero-order kinetics eliminates a constant amount per unit time regardless of concentration
- What term describes the time required for the concentration of a substance in the blood to decrease by half?
- Half-life
- Approximately how many half-lives does it take for a substance to be considered essentially eliminated from the body?
- About 4 to 5 half-lives
- What term describes the theoretical volume a drug would need to occupy to account for the concentration found in plasma?
- Volume of distribution
- What does a very large volume of distribution suggest about a drug's tissue distribution?
- The drug distributes extensively into tissues rather than remaining in the plasma
- What term describes the fraction of an administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged?
- Bioavailability
- What term describes the metabolism of a drug in the liver or gut wall before it reaches systemic circulation, reducing oral bioavailability?
- First-pass metabolism
- What enzyme family in the liver is responsible for the majority of oxidative drug and toxin metabolism?
- The cytochrome P450 enzyme system
- What term describes a substance that increases the activity of metabolic enzymes, potentially speeding the clearance of other drugs?
- An enzyme inducer
- What term describes a substance that decreases the activity of metabolic enzymes, potentially causing toxic accumulation of other drugs?
- An enzyme inhibitor
- What are Phase I biotransformation reactions generally characterized by?
- Oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis reactions that often introduce or expose a reactive functional group
- What are Phase II biotransformation reactions generally characterized by?
- Conjugation reactions, such as glucuronidation or sulfation, that typically increase water solubility for excretion
- What term describes the recycling of a substance excreted in bile, reabsorbed from the intestine back into the bloodstream?
- Enterohepatic recirculation
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