Sleep disorder classifications and eating disorder diagnostic criteria and complications tested on USMLE Step 1.
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- Which brain region loses orexin (hypocretin) neurons in narcolepsy?
- The lateral hypothalamus
- What typically triggers a cataplexy attack in narcolepsy?
- A strong emotion, such as laughter
- How is REM latency affected in narcolepsy?
- It is markedly shortened
- On the Multiple Sleep Latency Test, what mean sleep latency supports a narcolepsy diagnosis?
- Less than 8 minutes
- How many sleep-onset REM periods (SOREMPs) on the MSLT are required to diagnose narcolepsy?
- Two or more
- What are hallucinations that occur while falling asleep called?
- Hypnagogic hallucinations
- What are hallucinations that occur while waking up called?
- Hypnopompic hallucinations
- What is the first-line stimulant for excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy?
- Modafinil
- What medication is used to treat cataplexy in narcolepsy?
- Sodium oxybate
- What is the mechanism of obstructive sleep apnea?
- Repeated collapse of the upper airway despite continued respiratory effort
- What is the mechanism of central sleep apnea?
- Absent respiratory effort due to impaired brainstem signaling
- What is the major risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea?
- Obesity
- What cardiovascular complication can result from untreated obstructive sleep apnea?
- Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale
- What is the gold standard diagnostic test for sleep apnea?
- Polysomnography
- During which sleep stage do sleep terrors occur?
- Stage N3, slow wave sleep