High-yield pulmonary pathology, lung volumes, and acid-base and ventilation concepts tested on USMLE Step 1, one fact per card.
40 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What is tidal volume (TV)?
- The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal, quiet breath.
- What is residual volume (RV)?
- The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal forced expiration.
- Vital capacity (VC) equals tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus ____.
- expiratory reserve volume
- Functional residual capacity (FRC) equals expiratory reserve volume plus ____.
- residual volume
- Total lung capacity (TLC) equals vital capacity plus ____.
- residual volume
- Inspiratory capacity (IC) equals tidal volume plus ____.
- inspiratory reserve volume
- How does the FEV1/FVC ratio change in obstructive lung disease?
- It decreases.
- How does the FEV1/FVC ratio change in restrictive lung disease?
- It stays normal or increases.
- How does total lung capacity (TLC) change in obstructive lung disease?
- It increases, due to air trapping.
- How does total lung capacity (TLC) change in restrictive lung disease?
- It decreases.
- How does residual volume (RV) change in obstructive lung disease?
- It increases, due to air trapping.
- What happens to the A-a gradient in hypoxemia caused by V/Q mismatch, shunt, or diffusion limitation?
- It is elevated (increased).
- What happens to the A-a gradient in hypoxemia caused by hypoventilation or high altitude?
- It stays normal.
- In an upright lung, where is the V/Q ratio highest?
- At the apex.
- In an upright lung, where is the V/Q ratio lowest?
- At the base.