High-yield pulmonary pathology, lung volumes, and acid-base and ventilation concepts tested on USMLE Step 1, one fact per card.
40 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What is tidal volume (TV)?
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The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal, quiet breath.- What is residual volume (RV)?
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The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal forced expiration.- Vital capacity (VC) equals tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume plus ____.
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expiratory reserve volume- Functional residual capacity (FRC) equals expiratory reserve volume plus ____.
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residual volume- Total lung capacity (TLC) equals vital capacity plus ____.
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residual volume- Inspiratory capacity (IC) equals tidal volume plus ____.
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inspiratory reserve volume- How does the FEV1/FVC ratio change in obstructive lung disease?
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It decreases.- How does the FEV1/FVC ratio change in restrictive lung disease?
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It stays normal or increases.- How does total lung capacity (TLC) change in obstructive lung disease?
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It increases, due to air trapping.- How does total lung capacity (TLC) change in restrictive lung disease?
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It decreases.- How does residual volume (RV) change in obstructive lung disease?
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It increases, due to air trapping.- What happens to the A-a gradient in hypoxemia caused by V/Q mismatch, shunt, or diffusion limitation?
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It is elevated (increased).- What happens to the A-a gradient in hypoxemia caused by hypoventilation or high altitude?
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It stays normal.- In an upright lung, where is the V/Q ratio highest?
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At the apex.- In an upright lung, where is the V/Q ratio lowest?
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At the base.
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