ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, conduct disorder, and other child and adolescent psychiatric conditions tested on USMLE Step 1.
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- What is the minimum duration of symptoms required to diagnose ADHD?
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At least 6 months- By what age must several ADHD symptoms be present for diagnosis?
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Before age 12- In how many settings must ADHD symptoms be present for diagnosis?
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At least 2 settings (e.g., home and school)- What is the first-line pharmacologic treatment class for ADHD?
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Stimulants (methylphenidate or amphetamines)- What is the mechanism of action of stimulant medications used for ADHD?
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They increase synaptic dopamine and norepinephrine by blocking reuptake and promoting release- What is the mechanism of atomoxetine, a non-stimulant ADHD medication?
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Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor- What is one of the two core diagnostic domains of autism spectrum disorder?
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Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction- What is the second core diagnostic domain of autism spectrum disorder?
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Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities- Autism spectrum disorder is more common in which sex?
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Males (about 4 times more common than females)- Which disorder presents with normal early development in a girl followed by regression, loss of purposeful hand use, and repetitive hand-wringing?
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Rett syndrome- What gene mutation causes Rett syndrome?
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MECP2 gene mutation (X-linked)- Which disorder is characterized by normal development until age 2 followed by significant loss of previously acquired language, social, and motor skills?
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Childhood disintegrative disorder (Heller syndrome)- What is the core definition of conduct disorder?
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A repetitive pattern of behavior violating the rights of others or societal norms, such as aggression, destruction of property, deceitfulness, or serious rule violations- What is the age cutoff distinguishing childhood-onset from adolescent-onset conduct disorder?
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Age 10 (onset before age 10 is childhood-onset type)- Untreated conduct disorder is a risk factor for progression to which adult diagnosis?
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Antisocial personality disorder
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