ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, conduct disorder, and other child and adolescent psychiatric conditions tested on USMLE Step 1.
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- What is the minimum duration of symptoms required to diagnose ADHD?
- At least 6 months
- By what age must several ADHD symptoms be present for diagnosis?
- Before age 12
- In how many settings must ADHD symptoms be present for diagnosis?
- At least 2 settings (e.g., home and school)
- What is the first-line pharmacologic treatment class for ADHD?
- Stimulants (methylphenidate or amphetamines)
- What is the mechanism of action of stimulant medications used for ADHD?
- They increase synaptic dopamine and norepinephrine by blocking reuptake and promoting release
- What is the mechanism of atomoxetine, a non-stimulant ADHD medication?
- Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
- What is one of the two core diagnostic domains of autism spectrum disorder?
- Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction
- What is the second core diagnostic domain of autism spectrum disorder?
- Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
- Autism spectrum disorder is more common in which sex?
- Males (about 4 times more common than females)
- Which disorder presents with normal early development in a girl followed by regression, loss of purposeful hand use, and repetitive hand-wringing?
- Rett syndrome
- What gene mutation causes Rett syndrome?
- MECP2 gene mutation (X-linked)
- Which disorder is characterized by normal development until age 2 followed by significant loss of previously acquired language, social, and motor skills?
- Childhood disintegrative disorder (Heller syndrome)
- What is the core definition of conduct disorder?
- A repetitive pattern of behavior violating the rights of others or societal norms, such as aggression, destruction of property, deceitfulness, or serious rule violations
- What is the age cutoff distinguishing childhood-onset from adolescent-onset conduct disorder?
- Age 10 (onset before age 10 is childhood-onset type)
- Untreated conduct disorder is a risk factor for progression to which adult diagnosis?
- Antisocial personality disorder