Therapeutic modality types, indications, and contraindications, including cryotherapy, thermotherapy, and electrical stimulation.
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- What is the primary physiological effect of cryotherapy on tissue?
- Vasoconstriction, decreased blood flow, and reduced local tissue metabolism
- What are the components of the traditional PRICE acronym for acute injury management?
- Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
- What is a common contraindication to applying cold therapy?
- Cold hypersensitivity or Raynaud's phenomenon
- What sensation progression is commonly described during a cold application (CBAN)?
- Cold, burning, aching, numbness
- What is the primary physiological effect of superficial heat application?
- Vasodilation and increased local blood flow near the skin surface
- What depth of tissue does superficial heat, such as a hot pack, primarily affect?
- Up to about 1 to 2 centimeters (skin and subcutaneous tissue)
- What modality is considered a deep heating agent that can raise tissue temperature at greater depths than a hot pack?
- Therapeutic ultrasound
- What is a key contraindication for applying heat to a body part?
- Acute inflammation or swelling in the first 48 to 72 hours after injury
- What theory explains how sensory stimulation such as TENS can reduce the perception of pain?
- The gate control theory of pain
- What does the acronym TENS stand for?
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
- What is the primary clinical purpose of TENS?
- Pain modulation
- What does the acronym NMES stand for?
- Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
- What is the primary clinical purpose of NMES?
- To elicit a muscle contraction for strengthening or to reduce muscle atrophy
- What electrical modality uses medium-frequency currents that combine at their intersection to reduce skin impedance and treat deeper tissue?
- Interferential current (IFC)
- What technique uses an electrical current to drive ionized medication through the skin?
- Iontophoresis
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