Hip, knee, lower leg, ankle and foot injuries: mechanism, signs, special tests, grading and return-to-play criteria.
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- What is the typical mechanism of a femoral neck stress fracture in endurance athletes?
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Repetitive overload from running/jumping without a single traumatic event, not acute trauma- What movement most commonly causes a hip flexor (iliopsoas) strain?
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Forceful or sudden eccentric hip flexion, as in sprinting or kicking- What nerve is compressed in piriformis syndrome?
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The sciatic nerve- Which special test reproduces anterior hip pain in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI)?
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FADIR test (flexion, adduction, internal rotation)- Legg-Calve-Perthes disease involves avascular necrosis of which structure?
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The femoral head (in children)- In internal snapping hip syndrome, which tendon causes the snapping sensation?
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The iliopsoas tendon sliding over a bony prominence- A hip pointer is a contusion of which bony structure?
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The iliac crest- Trochanteric bursitis causes pain with palpation of which landmark?
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The greater trochanter- Which special test is most sensitive for detecting an ACL tear?
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The Lachman test- A posteriorly directed force on the proximal tibia, such as in a dashboard injury, most commonly injures which knee ligament?
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The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)- A knee ligament sprain with a complete tear and no firm end point on stress testing is classified as Grade ____.
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III- A varus force applied to the knee most commonly injures which ligament?
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The lateral collateral ligament (LCL)- Which special test combines tibial rotation with varus/valgus stress during knee extension to detect a meniscus tear?
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The McMurray test- Patellar tendinopathy (jumper's knee) typically causes pain at which location?
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The inferior pole of the patella- Which special test involves compressing the patella while the patient contracts the quadriceps to assess patellofemoral pain syndrome?
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Clarke's sign (patellar grind test)
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