Clinical examination sequence, injury evaluation principles, and differential diagnosis concepts for athletic training assessment.
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- What does the acronym HOPS stand for in clinical injury evaluation?
- History, Observation, Palpation, Special tests
- What is the first step of the HOPS evaluation model?
- History
- Why is the history-taking portion of an evaluation considered the most valuable step?
- It often reveals the mechanism of injury and guides which special tests to prioritize
- What should an evaluator observe first when an athlete approaches after injury?
- General posture, gait, and willingness to bear weight
- What is the purpose of bilateral comparison during palpation?
- To identify abnormal findings by comparing the injured side to the uninjured side
- What order should palpation typically follow relative to the site of pain?
- Away from the site of pain, moving toward it
- What is the purpose of special tests in an orthopedic evaluation?
- To stress a specific structure and help confirm or rule out a suspected diagnosis
- What term describes performing several special tests together to increase diagnostic confidence?
- A test cluster
- In a primary survey, what does the mnemonic ABC stand for?
- Airway, Breathing, Circulation
- What is assessed in a secondary survey after the primary survey is complete?
- A more detailed head-to-toe exam and vital signs once life-threatening conditions are ruled out
- What scale is used to assess level of consciousness after a head injury?
- The Glasgow Coma Scale
- What is the lowest possible score on the Glasgow Coma Scale?
- 3
- What is the highest possible score on the Glasgow Coma Scale?
- 15
- What term describes the way an injury occurred, which helps predict which structures are damaged?
- Mechanism of injury
- What is a Grade I ligament sprain?
- Mild stretching with microscopic tearing and no joint instability
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