AP Psychology foundational terms: learning, cognition, development, personality, disorders.
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- Classical conditioning is best described as
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learning through association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus alone elicits the response- In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response?
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the natural, automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus (requires no learning)- Operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to
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strengthen or weaken behavior based on its consequences- A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that
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when added after a behavior, increases the likelihood the behavior will occur again- Negative punishment involves
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removing a desirable stimulus after a behavior to decrease that behavior- Observational learning occurs through
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watching and imitating the behavior of others, especially models we find credible or admirable- Extinction in classical conditioning means
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the conditioned response decreases when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus- Spontaneous recovery is when
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a conditioned response reappears after extinction without the pairing being repeated- Variable ratio schedules of reinforcement
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reinforce after an unpredictable number of responses, producing steady, resistant-to-extinction behavior- Sensory memory holds information for approximately
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less than one second (visual) or a few seconds (auditory)- Working memory (short-term memory) has a capacity of roughly
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seven plus or minus two items, and lasts about 20-30 seconds without rehearsal- Chunking increases working memory capacity by
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grouping individual pieces of information into meaningful units- Explicit (declarative) memory includes
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memories that can be consciously recalled and verbally described, like facts and events- Implicit (procedural) memory consists of
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skills and habits that influence behavior without conscious awareness or recollection- The primacy effect in memory refers to
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better recall of items at the beginning of a list
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