AP Psychology foundational terms: learning, cognition, development, personality, disorders.
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- Classical conditioning is best described as
- learning through association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus alone elicits the response
- In classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned response?
- the natural, automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus (requires no learning)
- Operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to
- strengthen or weaken behavior based on its consequences
- A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that
- when added after a behavior, increases the likelihood the behavior will occur again
- Negative punishment involves
- removing a desirable stimulus after a behavior to decrease that behavior
- Observational learning occurs through
- watching and imitating the behavior of others, especially models we find credible or admirable
- Extinction in classical conditioning means
- the conditioned response decreases when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus
- Spontaneous recovery is when
- a conditioned response reappears after extinction without the pairing being repeated
- Variable ratio schedules of reinforcement
- reinforce after an unpredictable number of responses, producing steady, resistant-to-extinction behavior
- Sensory memory holds information for approximately
- less than one second (visual) or a few seconds (auditory)
- Working memory (short-term memory) has a capacity of roughly
- seven plus or minus two items, and lasts about 20-30 seconds without rehearsal
- Chunking increases working memory capacity by
- grouping individual pieces of information into meaningful units
- Explicit (declarative) memory includes
- memories that can be consciously recalled and verbally described, like facts and events
- Implicit (procedural) memory consists of
- skills and habits that influence behavior without conscious awareness or recollection
- The primacy effect in memory refers to
- better recall of items at the beginning of a list