Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, reinforcement schedules, observational learning, and biological constraints.
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- What is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioning?
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A naturally occurring stimulus that automatically produces a response without prior learning- What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
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A stimulus that, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response- What is the difference between an unconditioned response (UCR) and a conditioned response (CR)?
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The UCR is the automatic response to the UCS; the CR is the learned response to the CS- What is acquisition in classical conditioning?
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The initial stage of learning in which the CS becomes associated with the UCS- What is stimulus generalization in classical conditioning?
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The tendency for conditioned responses to be elicited by stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus- What is stimulus discrimination in classical conditioning?
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The ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli, responding only to the original CS- What is higher-order conditioning?
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A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a CS through pairing with an existing CS rather than a UCS- What is reconditioning in classical conditioning?
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The process of reestablishing a conditioned response after extinction by re-pairing the CS with the UCS- During extinction in classical conditioning, what causes the CR to weaken?
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The CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS, so the association between them gradually weakens- How does spontaneous recovery demonstrate learning in classical conditioning?
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After extinction, the CR reappears spontaneously after a period of time, showing the association was not truly forgotten- What is positive reinforcement?
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Adding a desirable stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated- What is negative reinforcement?
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Removing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus after a behavior to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated- What is positive punishment?
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Adding an aversive stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated- What is negative punishment?
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Removing a desirable stimulus after a behavior to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated- How do reinforcement and punishment differ in their effects on behavior?
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Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again; punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
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