Attribution, attitudes, conformity and obedience, group behavior, prejudice, aggression, and altruism.
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- What is the fundamental attribution error?
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The tendency to overestimate internal factors and underestimate external factors when explaining others' behavior.- What is the actor-observer bias?
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The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external circumstances but others' behavior to internal factors.- What is the self-serving bias?
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The tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and our failures to external factors.- What is the difference between internal and external attributions?
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Internal attributions explain behavior due to a person's traits or characteristics; external attributions explain behavior due to situational circumstances.- What are the three main sources of attitude formation?
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Direct experience, classical conditioning, and observation of others (modeling).- What is cognitive dissonance?
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The discomfort experienced when holding two contradictory beliefs or when behavior contradicts beliefs.- What is the central route to persuasion in the elaboration likelihood model?
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Persuasion based on careful, thoughtful analysis of the arguments and logic in a message.- What is the peripheral route to persuasion in the elaboration likelihood model?
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Persuasion based on superficial cues like the attractiveness or credibility of the source rather than message arguments.- What is the mere exposure effect?
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The tendency to develop a preference for people or objects simply because of repeated exposure and familiarity.- What is conformity?
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The adjustment of one's behavior or beliefs to match those of a group.- What did Sherif's autokinetic effect study demonstrate?
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Participants adjusted their estimates of a moving light to match group estimates, showing conformity even in ambiguous situations.- What was the main finding of Asch's line conformity study?
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Participants conformed to obviously incorrect group answers when judging line lengths, despite having correct information.- What is compliance in the context of conformity?
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Going along with a group request or behavior publicly while maintaining private disagreement with the group.- What is internalization (or acceptance) in conformity?
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Adopting group beliefs as one's own, resulting in genuine private change of opinion that persists even when alone.- What did Milgram's obedience experiments investigate?
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Whether ordinary people would obey orders to harm others, even when it conflicted with their conscience.
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