c. 1900 to present: World War I, the interwar period, World War II, genocides, and the postwar settlement.
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- Who was assassinated in Sarajevo in June 1914, triggering the events that led to World War I?
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, shot by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip- What ultimatum did Austria-Hungary issue to Serbia after Franz Ferdinand's death?
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A 10-point ultimatum demanding Serbia accept Austrian investigators and suppress anti-Austrian propaganda; Serbia rejected it- What was the Schlieffen Plan?
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Germany's strategy to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium before fighting Russia in the east- Which battle lasted from February to December 1916 and became one of the longest and bloodiest of World War I?
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The Battle of Verdun, with approximately 700,000 total casualties- What was trench warfare?
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A form of combat where soldiers fought from opposing trenches connected by networks of fortifications, characterized by stalemate and high casualties- What was the Zimmermann Telegram?
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A secret 1917 German proposal to Mexico to form an alliance against the United States, intercepted by the British and published, helping push the U.S. into the war- What were the Fourteen Points?
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President Woodrow Wilson's 1918 proposal for lasting peace, including national self-determination, open diplomacy, and a League of Nations- What was the Treaty of Versailles?
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The 1919 peace treaty ending World War I that imposed harsh reparations, territorial losses, and military restrictions on Germany- What was the League of Nations?
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An international organization established in 1920 to prevent future conflicts and promote peace and cooperation among member states- Why was the League of Nations significantly weakened from its inception?
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The United States Senate refused to ratify membership, so the United States never joined despite President Wilson proposing it- What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
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The 1918 peace treaty between Russia and Germany that removed Russia from World War I, costing Russia significant territory- What was the Weimar Republic?
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Germany's democratic government formed after World War I following Kaiser Wilhelm II's abdication- What was the Munich Agreement?
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A 1938 agreement between Britain, France, Germany, and Italy allowing Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia- What was appeasement?
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A policy of making political and territorial concessions to aggressive nations like Germany to avoid war- What was the Anschluss?
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The 1938 political union of Nazi Germany and Austria, which violated the Treaty of Versailles
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