Nephron physiology, acid-base disturbances, and classic renal pathologies.
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- Normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy adults
- 90-120 mL/min/1.73 m2
- Which Starling force opposes glomerular filtration?
- Oncotic pressure of plasma proteins (glomerular colloid osmotic pressure)
- What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule via active transport?
- Glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, and ions (Na+, K+, Cl-)
- Proximal tubule reabsorbs 100% of filtered ____, amino acids, and bicarbonate under normal conditions
- glucose
- Describe water reabsorption in the descending loop of Henle
- Water is freely reabsorbed via osmosis (aquaporin-1); the limb is permeable to water
- The thick ascending limb of loop of Henle reabsorbs ____ but is impermeable to water
- NaCl
- Which diuretic class blocks the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the thick ascending limb?
- Loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide)
- Where do thiazide diuretics work?
- Distal convoluted tubule, blocking the Na-Cl cotransporter
- What is the primary effect of ADH (vasopressin) on the collecting duct?
- Increases water permeability by inserting aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane
- Juxtaglomerular cells release renin in response to ____
- decreased renal perfusion pressure
- What are the three components of the filtration barrier?
- Endothelial fenestrae, basement membrane, and podocyte foot processes (slit diaphragm)
- Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the ____ of the collecting duct
- principal cells
- How does creatinine clearance compare to inulin clearance?
- Creatinine clearance slightly overestimates GFR because creatinine is secreted by proximal tubule cells
- Define metabolic acidosis
- Arterial pH less than 7.35 due to low bicarbonate (< 24 mEq/L) or high H+ concentration
- Define metabolic alkalosis
- Arterial pH greater than 7.45 due to high bicarbonate (> 24 mEq/L) or low H+ concentration