Nephron physiology, acid-base disturbances, and classic renal pathologies.
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- Normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in healthy adults
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90-120 mL/min/1.73 m2- Which Starling force opposes glomerular filtration?
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Oncotic pressure of plasma proteins (glomerular colloid osmotic pressure)- What is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule via active transport?
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Glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, and ions (Na+, K+, Cl-)- Proximal tubule reabsorbs 100% of filtered ____, amino acids, and bicarbonate under normal conditions
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glucose- Describe water reabsorption in the descending loop of Henle
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Water is freely reabsorbed via osmosis (aquaporin-1); the limb is permeable to water- The thick ascending limb of loop of Henle reabsorbs ____ but is impermeable to water
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NaCl- Which diuretic class blocks the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in the thick ascending limb?
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Loop diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide)- Where do thiazide diuretics work?
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Distal convoluted tubule, blocking the Na-Cl cotransporter- What is the primary effect of ADH (vasopressin) on the collecting duct?
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Increases water permeability by inserting aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane- Juxtaglomerular cells release renin in response to ____
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decreased renal perfusion pressure- What are the three components of the filtration barrier?
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Endothelial fenestrae, basement membrane, and podocyte foot processes (slit diaphragm)- Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in the ____ of the collecting duct
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principal cells- How does creatinine clearance compare to inulin clearance?
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Creatinine clearance slightly overestimates GFR because creatinine is secreted by proximal tubule cells- Define metabolic acidosis
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Arterial pH less than 7.35 due to low bicarbonate (< 24 mEq/L) or high H+ concentration- Define metabolic alkalosis
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Arterial pH greater than 7.45 due to high bicarbonate (> 24 mEq/L) or low H+ concentration
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