Nephrotic and nephritic syndrome patterns and the classic glomerular diseases that cause each, with their hallmark biopsy findings.
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- What is the daily urine protein excretion threshold that defines nephrotic-range proteinuria?
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More than 3.5 g per day- What are the four classic features of nephrotic syndrome?
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Massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia- Why does hyperlipidemia occur in nephrotic syndrome?
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The liver increases lipoprotein synthesis in response to low plasma oncotic pressure from albumin loss- What urine microscopy finding under polarized light is classic for nephrotic syndrome?
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Oval fat bodies showing a Maltese cross pattern- What is the hallmark urinary finding of nephritic syndrome?
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Hematuria with red blood cell casts- Besides hematuria, what other features characterize nephritic syndrome?
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Hypertension, oliguria, and mild to moderate proteinuria- What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
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Minimal change disease- What does light microscopy show in minimal change disease?
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Normal-appearing glomeruli- What is the classic electron microscopy finding in minimal change disease?
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Diffuse effacement of podocyte foot processes- Minimal change disease typically responds well to which treatment?
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Corticosteroids- What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, especially African Americans?
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)- What does light microscopy show in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?
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Segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis affecting only some glomeruli- FSGS is classically associated with which viral infection?
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HIV infection- What is the most common cause of primary nephrotic syndrome in Caucasian adults?
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Membranous nephropathy- What light microscopy pattern on silver stain is classic for membranous nephropathy?
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The 'spike and dome' pattern of the capillary wall
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