Nephron segment transport function paired with the diuretic class that acts there and its mechanism.
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- Which nephron segment reabsorbs about 65-70% of the filtered sodium and water?
- The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
- What transporter in the early proximal tubule reabsorbs filtered glucose?
- SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2).
- Which diuretic class acts in the proximal convoluted tubule?
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
- What is the mechanism of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the PCT?
- They inhibit carbonic anhydrase, reducing bicarbonate reabsorption.
- What acid-base disturbance results from carbonic anhydrase inhibitor use?
- Metabolic acidosis.
- What ophthalmic condition is acetazolamide commonly used to treat?
- Glaucoma.
- What condition can acetazolamide help prevent at high elevation?
- Altitude sickness.
- What is the mechanism of osmotic diuretics like mannitol?
- They increase tubular fluid osmolarity, limiting passive water reabsorption, mainly in the proximal tubule and descending limb.
- What is a major clinical use of mannitol?
- Treating cerebral edema or elevated intracranial or intraocular pressure.
- Which segment of the loop of Henle is highly permeable to water?
- The thin descending limb.
- Which segment of the loop of Henle is permeable to NaCl but impermeable to water?
- The thin ascending limb.
- What transporter sits on the luminal membrane of the thick ascending limb (TAL)?
- The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2).
- Is the thick ascending limb permeable to water?
- No, it is impermeable to water.
- Which diuretic class inhibits the NKCC2 cotransporter in the thick ascending limb?
- Loop diuretics, such as furosemide.
- Which loop diuretic is preferred in patients with a sulfa allergy?
- Ethacrynic acid.