Innate and adaptive immune cells, cytokines, hypersensitivity types, and classic immunodeficiencies.
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- Primary function of neutrophils in innate immunity
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Acute inflammatory response, phagocytosis, and killing of pathogens via ROS and granule contents- Role of macrophages in innate immunity
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Phagocytosis of pathogens, antigen presentation, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines- Primary function of dendritic cells
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Antigen capture and presentation to T cells, bridge between innate and adaptive immunity- How do natural killer cells recognize target cells
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Detection of missing MHC class I on target cell surface (signal of infection or malignancy)- Functions of the complement cascade
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Opsonization (C3b), inflammation (C3a/C5a), and pathogen lysis via membrane attack complex- Primary role of mast cells in immune response
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Rapid histamine release in immediate hypersensitivity upon IgE cross-linking- Primary function of CD4+ T helper cells
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Coordinate immune response by secreting cytokines, activate B cells and macrophages- Mechanism by which CD8+ cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells
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Release perforin and granzymes, inducing apoptosis of target cell- Function of regulatory T cells (Tregs)
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Suppress immune response via IL-10 and TGF-beta, maintain self-tolerance- Sequence of B cell differentiation upon antigen encounter
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Activation and proliferation, then into plasma cells (effector) or memory B cells- How do memory B cells provide long-term immunity
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Persist for years, rapidly differentiate into plasma cells upon re-exposure to antigen- Cytokines produced by Th1 cells
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IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2 (cell-mediated immunity, intracellular pathogens)- Cytokines produced by Th2 cells
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IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 (humoral immunity, extracellular parasites)- Source and primary function of IL-2
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Produced by activated T cells, promotes T cell proliferation and differentiation- Source and primary effect of TNF-alpha
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Produced by activated macrophages and T cells, induces inflammation and fever
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