Null and alternative hypotheses, type I and type II error, statistical power, confidence intervals, and p-value interpretation, as cloze cards with each term defined.
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- The ____ is the default claim that there is no effect or no difference in a statistical test.
- null hypothesis
- The ____ states that there is an effect or difference, contradicting the null hypothesis.
- alternative hypothesis
- A ____ occurs when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected.
- Type I error
- The probability of committing a Type I error is denoted by the symbol ____.
- alpha
- A ____ occurs when a false null hypothesis is incorrectly not rejected.
- Type II error
- The probability of committing a Type II error is denoted by the symbol ____.
- beta
- ____ is the probability that a test correctly rejects a false null hypothesis.
- statistical power
- Statistical power is calculated as ____.
- 1 minus beta
- The most commonly used significance level (alpha) in biomedical research is ____.
- 0.05
- The ____ is the probability of observing a result as extreme or more extreme than the one obtained, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
- p-value
- When the p-value is ____, the null hypothesis is rejected.
- less than the significance level (alpha)
- A p-value does not measure the probability that the null hypothesis is ____.
- true
- A ____ is a range of values calculated from sample data that is likely to contain the true population parameter.
- confidence interval
- A 95% confidence interval means that if the sampling process were repeated many times, about ____ percent of the resulting intervals would contain the true parameter.
- 95
- Increasing the ____ generally increases the statistical power of a test.
- sample size