Study design types, sources of bias, and confounding concepts tested on USMLE Step 1, as cloze cards with each term defined.
35 cards · cloze cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- A study that compares patients with a disease (cases) to those without (controls) and looks backward for exposure is called a ____.
- case-control study
- A study that follows a group of exposed and unexposed individuals forward in time to see who develops disease is called a ____.
- cohort study
- In a case-control study, the measure of association typically calculated is the ____.
- odds ratio
- In a cohort study, the measure of association typically calculated is the ____ (risk ratio).
- relative risk
- A study in which subjects are randomly assigned to receive an intervention or a control is called a ____.
- randomized controlled trial
- A study that assesses exposure and disease status at a single point in time is called a ____.
- cross-sectional study
- Cross-sectional studies measure disease ____ rather than incidence.
- prevalence
- A descriptive study that reports on a group of patients with a similar diagnosis without a comparison group is called a ____.
- case series
- A study that compares disease rates and exposures across entire populations or groups rather than individuals is called an ____.
- ecological study
- The error of assuming that an association observed at the group level also holds true at the individual level is called the ____.
- ecological fallacy
- Nonrandom sampling of subjects that produces a study population unrepresentative of the target population is called ____.
- selection bias
- A type of selection bias that arises when hospitalized subjects are used as controls, creating a false association between exposure and disease, is called ____.
- Berkson bias
- The tendency for employed populations to show lower mortality than the general population, a form of selection bias, is called the ____.
- healthy worker effect
- Systematic error arising because subjects with a disease more accurately remember past exposures than healthy subjects is called ____.
- recall bias
- Recall bias is a particular concern in ____ studies because exposure data is collected retrospectively.
- case-control