Study design types, sources of bias, and confounding concepts tested on USMLE Step 1, as cloze cards with each term defined.
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- A study that compares patients with a disease (cases) to those without (controls) and looks backward for exposure is called a ____.
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case-control study- A study that follows a group of exposed and unexposed individuals forward in time to see who develops disease is called a ____.
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cohort study- In a case-control study, the measure of association typically calculated is the ____.
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odds ratio- In a cohort study, the measure of association typically calculated is the ____ (risk ratio).
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relative risk- A study in which subjects are randomly assigned to receive an intervention or a control is called a ____.
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randomized controlled trial- A study that assesses exposure and disease status at a single point in time is called a ____.
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cross-sectional study- Cross-sectional studies measure disease ____ rather than incidence.
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prevalence- A descriptive study that reports on a group of patients with a similar diagnosis without a comparison group is called a ____.
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case series- A study that compares disease rates and exposures across entire populations or groups rather than individuals is called an ____.
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ecological study- The error of assuming that an association observed at the group level also holds true at the individual level is called the ____.
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ecological fallacy- Nonrandom sampling of subjects that produces a study population unrepresentative of the target population is called ____.
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selection bias- A type of selection bias that arises when hospitalized subjects are used as controls, creating a false association between exposure and disease, is called ____.
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Berkson bias- The tendency for employed populations to show lower mortality than the general population, a form of selection bias, is called the ____.
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healthy worker effect- Systematic error arising because subjects with a disease more accurately remember past exposures than healthy subjects is called ____.
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recall bias- Recall bias is a particular concern in ____ studies because exposure data is collected retrospectively.
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case-control
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