Incidence, prevalence, attributable risk, relative risk, and number needed to treat as cloze cards with each formula and variable defined.
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- Cumulative incidence (incidence proportion) equals the number of ____ of disease divided by the population at risk during a specified time period.
- new cases
- Cumulative incidence equals the number of new cases divided by the ____ during a specified time period.
- population at risk
- Cumulative incidence is expressed as a ____, with values ranging from 0 to 1.
- proportion
- Incidence rate (incidence density) equals the number of new cases divided by the total ____ at risk.
- person-time
- Person-time is the sum of the amount of time each study participant spent ____ while under observation.
- at risk of developing the disease
- Unlike cumulative incidence, the incidence rate is expressed per unit of ____ (for example, per 1000 person-years), not as a simple proportion.
- person-time
- Incidence measures only ____ cases of a disease that develop during a specified time period.
- new
- Point prevalence equals the number of existing cases of disease divided by the ____ at a single point in time.
- total population
- Point prevalence counts all cases, ____, present at one specific moment in time.
- new and pre-existing
- Period prevalence equals the number of cases existing at any time during an interval divided by the ____.
- population at risk during that interval
- Period prevalence counts every case that existed ____ during the specified time interval, not just at one instant.
- at any point
- In a disease at steady state, prevalence is approximately equal to incidence multiplied by the average ____.
- duration of disease
- The relationship prevalence approximately equals incidence multiplied by duration assumes the disease is in a ____, meaning incidence and population size are stable over time.
- steady state
- A disease with a short average duration, such as one that resolves quickly or is rapidly fatal, tends to have ____ prevalence relative to its incidence.
- low
- Attributable risk (risk difference) equals the incidence of disease in the exposed group minus the incidence of disease in the ____.
- unexposed group