AP World History units on the era c.1200 to 1450 covering expanding networks of exchange and interaction.
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- What was the Silk Road?
- A network of trade routes connecting East Asia, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean, used for goods and ideas from roughly 200 BCE to 1400s.
- What valuable goods traveled the Silk Road during 1200-1450?
- Silk, spices, ceramics, metals, glassware, and paper. Ideas, religions, and technologies also spread.
- What was Pax Mongolica?
- A period of relative peace and stable trade conditions across Eurasia under Mongol rule, roughly 1250-1350, enabling merchants to travel safely.
- Who founded the Mongol Empire?
- Genghis Khan, born Temujin, united the Mongol tribes and began conquests around 1206.
- What was Marco Polo?
- A Venetian merchant and traveler who journeyed to China in the 1270s and served at the court of Kublai Khan for years.
- What famous traveler from Morocco crossed the Indian Ocean, Sahara, and Mediterranean in the 1300s?
- Ibn Battuta, whose detailed accounts documented trade routes, Islamic cities, and cultural practices across Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.
- Who was Zheng He?
- A Chinese admiral and explorer who commanded massive fleets on seven voyages across the Indian Ocean from 1405-1433, carrying trade goods and establishing Ming prestige.
- What goods and spices were most valuable in Indian Ocean trade during 1200-1450?
- Black pepper, cloves, nutmeg, mace, cinnamon, and other spices from Southeast Asia commanded high prices in Europe and the Middle East.
- What type of sailing vessel dominated Indian Ocean trade in this period?
- The dhow, a lateen-rigged sailing ship used by Arab, Indian, and African traders for its speed and ability to sail into the wind.
- What was the Hanseatic League?
- A confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northern Europe, centered on the Baltic and North Seas, that dominated trade in timber, grain, and furs from roughly 1200-1500.
- Why did Venice become so wealthy and powerful in 1200-1450?
- Its location allowed it to control Mediterranean trade routes and serve as a bridge between Europe and Asia, trading with Islamic and Byzantine merchants.
- What empire was founded in 1299 and expanded to control much of the eastern Mediterranean and Balkans by 1450?
- The Ottoman Empire, founded by Osman in Anatolia, which gradually conquered Byzantine territories and became a major Mediterranean power.
- What was the Mali Empire known for during 1200-1450?
- Control of West African gold trade across the Sahara, Islamic scholarship in Timbuktu, and military power based on cavalry and trade wealth.
- What disease caused massive population loss in Eurasia from 1347 onward?
- The Black Death, a plague carried by fleas on rats, spread by merchant ships and caravans, killing 25-50% of Europe's population.
- Where did the Black Death originate?
- Central Asia or China; it spread westward along Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade routes to the Mediterranean by 1347.