c. 1200 to 1450: Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, trans-Saharan, and Mongol exchange networks, technologies, and the Black Death.
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- What were the Silk Roads?
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A network of overland trade routes connecting China, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.- What major city served as a hub on the Silk Roads?
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Samarkand, in Central Asia.- Who unified most of Asia and facilitated unprecedented Silk Road trade?
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Genghis Khan, also known as Temüjin.- What was the Pax Mongolica?
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A period of relative peace and security under Mongol rule that facilitated long-distance trade.- What was the Indian Ocean trade network?
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A maritime trade system connecting East Africa, Arabia, India, and Southeast Asia.- What major spice port in southwestern India was a hub of Indian Ocean trade?
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Calicut, also known as Kozhikode.- What Chinese explorer led major voyages across the Indian Ocean from 1405 to 1433?
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Zheng He.- What type of ship was commonly used for Indian Ocean trade?
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Dhows, used by Arab and Indian traders, and Chinese junks.- What natural phenomenon made Indian Ocean trade possible?
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Monsoon winds that reversed seasonally, allowing predictable sailing patterns.- What was trans-Saharan trade?
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Trade routes across the Sahara Desert connecting North Africa to West Africa.- What were the two primary commodities traded across the Sahara?
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Gold from West Africa and salt from the Sahara.- Which West African empire dominated trans-Saharan gold trade in the 13th and 14th centuries?
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The Mali Empire.- What city was the capital of the Mali Empire and a center of Islamic learning?
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Timbuktu.- What Arab traveler documented his journeys across Africa, Arabia, and Asia in the 14th century?
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Ibn Battuta.- What Venetian family became famous merchants on the Silk Roads?
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The Polo family, including Marco Polo.
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