Vocabulary and structure for the AP Seminar Individual Research Report component. Front: the term or component. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Individual Research Report
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A roughly 2000 word paper in which a student investigates their own research question that grew out of the team's stimulus packet.- Research question
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A clear, focused, open-ended question that guides a student's individual investigation.- Thesis statement
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A concise statement of the paper's central argument or conclusion, usually placed early in the report.- Literature review
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A summary of existing research and perspectives on a topic that establishes what is already known.- Methodology
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The explanation of how a student gathered and evaluated evidence to answer the research question.- Evidence integration
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Weaving quotations, data, or paraphrased findings smoothly into a student's own sentences.- In-text citation
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A brief reference within the body of the paper that credits the source of a specific piece of evidence.- Works cited page
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The full list of sources used in a paper, formatted according to a citation style such as MLA or APA.- Paraphrasing
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Restating another author's idea in the student's own words while still crediting the original source.- Direct quotation
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Using an author's exact words, set off with quotation marks and cited precisely.- Attribution
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Clearly stating who said or wrote a piece of evidence so the reader can judge its source.- Counterargument acknowledgement
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Directly addressing an opposing view in the report to show the argument has been considered fully.- Rebuttal
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A response that explains why a counterargument does not overturn the paper's main claim.- Warrant
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The reasoning that explains why a piece of evidence actually supports the claim it is attached to.- Conclusion section
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The closing part of the report that restates the argument's significance and its broader implications.
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