Vocabulary and structure for the AP Seminar Individual Research Report component. Front: the term or component. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Individual Research Report
- A roughly 2000 word paper in which a student investigates their own research question that grew out of the team's stimulus packet.
- Research question
- A clear, focused, open-ended question that guides a student's individual investigation.
- Thesis statement
- A concise statement of the paper's central argument or conclusion, usually placed early in the report.
- Literature review
- A summary of existing research and perspectives on a topic that establishes what is already known.
- Methodology
- The explanation of how a student gathered and evaluated evidence to answer the research question.
- Evidence integration
- Weaving quotations, data, or paraphrased findings smoothly into a student's own sentences.
- In-text citation
- A brief reference within the body of the paper that credits the source of a specific piece of evidence.
- Works cited page
- The full list of sources used in a paper, formatted according to a citation style such as MLA or APA.
- Paraphrasing
- Restating another author's idea in the student's own words while still crediting the original source.
- Direct quotation
- Using an author's exact words, set off with quotation marks and cited precisely.
- Attribution
- Clearly stating who said or wrote a piece of evidence so the reader can judge its source.
- Counterargument acknowledgement
- Directly addressing an opposing view in the report to show the argument has been considered fully.
- Rebuttal
- A response that explains why a counterargument does not overturn the paper's main claim.
- Warrant
- The reasoning that explains why a piece of evidence actually supports the claim it is attached to.
- Conclusion section
- The closing part of the report that restates the argument's significance and its broader implications.
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