Research design and methodology vocabulary (qualitative versus quantitative, primary versus secondary sources) used in AP Seminar. Front: the term. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Qualitative research
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Research focused on understanding meaning, context, and interpretation through observation, interviews, and narrative data rather than numbers.- Quantitative research
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Research focused on numerical data, statistics, and measurable variables to identify patterns and test hypotheses.- Research methodology
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The systematic approach and procedures used to collect, analyze, and interpret data in a research study.- Hypothesis
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A testable prediction or proposed explanation for the relationship between variables in a research study.- Variable
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A characteristic, factor, or attribute that can change or vary and is measured or observed in a study.- Independent variable
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The variable that a researcher manipulates or changes to observe its effect on another variable.- Dependent variable
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The variable that is measured or observed to determine if it is affected by changes in the independent variable.- Control group
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The group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment and serves as a baseline for comparison.- Experimental group
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The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or intervention being tested.- Bias
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A preference, inclination, or prejudice that prevents fair and objective judgment or data collection in research.- Reliability
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The consistency and repeatability of research results, meaning the study will produce similar findings if repeated.- Validity
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The degree to which research accurately measures what it intends to measure and produces trustworthy results.- Sample
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A subset or portion of a population selected for study, used to represent the larger group.- Population
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The entire group or set of individuals from which a research sample is drawn.- Random sampling
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A sampling method where every member of the population has an equal and random chance of being selected.
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