Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, and other cognitive disorder subtypes with their distinguishing clinical and pathologic features.
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- What is the most common cause of dementia in older adults?
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Alzheimer disease- In Alzheimer disease, what protein forms the extracellular plaques seen on histology?
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Beta-amyloid- In Alzheimer disease, what protein forms the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles?
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Hyperphosphorylated tau- Which brain regions show the earliest and most severe cortical atrophy in Alzheimer disease?
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Hippocampus and temporal lobe- Mutations in which three genes cause early-onset familial Alzheimer disease?
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APP, presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2)- Which apolipoprotein E allele increases risk of sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer disease?
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APOE e4- Patients with which trisomy are at markedly increased risk of early Alzheimer disease?
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Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)- In Alzheimer disease, degeneration of the nucleus basalis of Meynert causes a deficiency of which neurotransmitter?
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Acetylcholine- What is typically the earliest clinical symptom of Alzheimer disease?
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Short-term (episodic) memory loss- What is the second most common cause of dementia overall?
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Vascular dementia- What is the classic pattern of cognitive decline in vascular dementia?
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Stepwise decline- What are the major risk factors for vascular dementia?
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Hypertension, atherosclerosis, and prior strokes- What is the classic clinical triad of Lewy body dementia?
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Fluctuating cognition, visual hallucinations, and parkinsonism- What protein aggregates form the Lewy bodies seen in Lewy body dementia?
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Alpha-synuclein- In Lewy body dementia, cognitive decline begins within how long of motor symptom onset (distinguishing it from Parkinson disease dementia)?
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Within one year
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