Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, and other cognitive disorder subtypes with their distinguishing clinical and pathologic features.
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- What is the most common cause of dementia in older adults?
- Alzheimer disease
- In Alzheimer disease, what protein forms the extracellular plaques seen on histology?
- Beta-amyloid
- In Alzheimer disease, what protein forms the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles?
- Hyperphosphorylated tau
- Which brain regions show the earliest and most severe cortical atrophy in Alzheimer disease?
- Hippocampus and temporal lobe
- Mutations in which three genes cause early-onset familial Alzheimer disease?
- APP, presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2)
- Which apolipoprotein E allele increases risk of sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer disease?
- APOE e4
- Patients with which trisomy are at markedly increased risk of early Alzheimer disease?
- Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
- In Alzheimer disease, degeneration of the nucleus basalis of Meynert causes a deficiency of which neurotransmitter?
- Acetylcholine
- What is typically the earliest clinical symptom of Alzheimer disease?
- Short-term (episodic) memory loss
- What is the second most common cause of dementia overall?
- Vascular dementia
- What is the classic pattern of cognitive decline in vascular dementia?
- Stepwise decline
- What are the major risk factors for vascular dementia?
- Hypertension, atherosclerosis, and prior strokes
- What is the classic clinical triad of Lewy body dementia?
- Fluctuating cognition, visual hallucinations, and parkinsonism
- What protein aggregates form the Lewy bodies seen in Lewy body dementia?
- Alpha-synuclein
- In Lewy body dementia, cognitive decline begins within how long of motor symptom onset (distinguishing it from Parkinson disease dementia)?
- Within one year