Articulation error patterns and assessment approaches tested on the Praxis Speech-Language Pathology exam.
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- What is an articulation disorder?
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A motor-based difficulty producing individual speech sounds correctly.- What is a phonological disorder?
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Difficulty learning the sound system and rules of a language, producing predictable error patterns across multiple sounds.- What is a substitution error in articulation?
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One sound is replaced by another sound, such as saying 'wabbit' for 'rabbit'.- What is an omission error in articulation?
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A sound is left out of the word entirely, such as saying 'at' for 'cat'.- What is a distortion error in articulation?
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A sound is produced in an approximate way that is not a standard phoneme of the language, such as a slushy /s/.- What is an addition error in articulation?
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An extra sound is inserted into a word that does not belong there, such as 'buhlack' for 'black'.- What is an interdental (frontal) lisp?
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The tongue protrudes between the front teeth during /s/ and /z/, producing a 'th'-like sound.- What is a lateral lisp?
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Air escapes over the sides of the tongue during /s/ and /z/, producing a slushy sound quality.- What is the phonological process of fronting?
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Sounds made in the back of the mouth, such as /k/ and /g/, are replaced with sounds made toward the front, such as /t/ and /d/.- What is the phonological process of backing?
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Sounds normally made in the front of the mouth are replaced with sounds made farther back, such as /k/ for /t/; this is atypical at any age.- What is the phonological process of stopping?
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A continuant sound such as a fricative or affricate is replaced with a stop consonant, such as 'tun' for 'sun'.- What is the phonological process of gliding?
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Liquid sounds /r/ and /l/ are replaced with glide sounds /w/ or /j/, such as 'wabbit' for 'rabbit'.- What is cluster reduction?
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A consonant cluster is simplified by deleting one or more of its consonants, such as 'top' for 'stop'.- What is final consonant deletion?
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The consonant at the end of a word is omitted, such as 'ca' for 'cat'.- What is weak syllable deletion?
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An unstressed syllable is omitted from a multisyllabic word, such as 'nana' for 'banana'.
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