Articulation error patterns and assessment approaches tested on the Praxis Speech-Language Pathology exam.
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- What is an articulation disorder?
- A motor-based difficulty producing individual speech sounds correctly.
- What is a phonological disorder?
- Difficulty learning the sound system and rules of a language, producing predictable error patterns across multiple sounds.
- What is a substitution error in articulation?
- One sound is replaced by another sound, such as saying 'wabbit' for 'rabbit'.
- What is an omission error in articulation?
- A sound is left out of the word entirely, such as saying 'at' for 'cat'.
- What is a distortion error in articulation?
- A sound is produced in an approximate way that is not a standard phoneme of the language, such as a slushy /s/.
- What is an addition error in articulation?
- An extra sound is inserted into a word that does not belong there, such as 'buhlack' for 'black'.
- What is an interdental (frontal) lisp?
- The tongue protrudes between the front teeth during /s/ and /z/, producing a 'th'-like sound.
- What is a lateral lisp?
- Air escapes over the sides of the tongue during /s/ and /z/, producing a slushy sound quality.
- What is the phonological process of fronting?
- Sounds made in the back of the mouth, such as /k/ and /g/, are replaced with sounds made toward the front, such as /t/ and /d/.
- What is the phonological process of backing?
- Sounds normally made in the front of the mouth are replaced with sounds made farther back, such as /k/ for /t/; this is atypical at any age.
- What is the phonological process of stopping?
- A continuant sound such as a fricative or affricate is replaced with a stop consonant, such as 'tun' for 'sun'.
- What is the phonological process of gliding?
- Liquid sounds /r/ and /l/ are replaced with glide sounds /w/ or /j/, such as 'wabbit' for 'rabbit'.
- What is cluster reduction?
- A consonant cluster is simplified by deleting one or more of its consonants, such as 'top' for 'stop'.
- What is final consonant deletion?
- The consonant at the end of a word is omitted, such as 'ca' for 'cat'.
- What is weak syllable deletion?
- An unstressed syllable is omitted from a multisyllabic word, such as 'nana' for 'banana'.