Stuttering core behaviors and fluency disorder treatment approaches tested on the Praxis Speech-Language Pathology exam.
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- What are the three core behaviors of stuttering?
- Repetitions, prolongations, and blocks.
- What is a repetition (as a stuttering core behavior)?
- Producing a sound, syllable, or word more than once before moving on.
- What is a prolongation (as a stuttering core behavior)?
- An extended, audible stretching of a sound.
- What is a block (as a stuttering core behavior)?
- An inappropriate stoppage of airflow or voicing during speech.
- What is a part-word repetition?
- Repeating part of a word, such as a single sound or syllable.
- What are secondary (accessory) behaviors in stuttering?
- Learned physical reactions used to escape or avoid a moment of stuttering, such as eye blinking or head jerking.
- What is an avoidance behavior in stuttering?
- A strategy used to prevent an anticipated stutter, such as substituting a word.
- At what age does stuttering typically begin?
- Between about 2 and 5 years old.
- Are males or females more likely to stutter?
- Males, about 3 to 4 times more likely than females.
- What percentage of children who begin stuttering are estimated to recover without treatment?
- About 75 to 80 percent.
- Who proposed the diagnosogenic theory of stuttering?
- Wendell Johnson.
- What does the diagnosogenic theory claim causes stuttering?
- Stuttering begins when a listener, often a parent, labels a child's normal disfluencies as stuttering.
- What is the Demands and Capacities Model of stuttering?
- Stuttering results when environmental and communication demands exceed a child's capacities for fluent speech.
- What is covert stuttering?
- Stuttering that a speaker actively hides through avoidance so it is not obvious to listeners.
- How does cluttering differ from stuttering?
- Cluttering involves a rapid, irregular speech rate with excessive disfluencies, rather than the classic repetitions, prolongations, and blocks of stuttering.