Binocular vision disorders, strabismus types, and amblyopia diagnosis and management concepts tested on the NBEO.
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- What is strabismus?
- A misalignment of the eyes where they do not point in the same direction
- What is esotropia?
- Inward (nasal) deviation of an eye
- What is exotropia?
- Outward (temporal) deviation of an eye
- What is hypertropia?
- Upward deviation of an eye
- What is hypotropia?
- Downward deviation of an eye
- What is the difference between a tropia and a phoria?
- A tropia is a manifest deviation present under normal binocular viewing, while a phoria is a latent deviation controlled by fusion until binocular vision is disrupted
- What test is used to detect and measure a tropia?
- The cover-uncover test
- What test is used to detect and measure a phoria?
- The alternate cover test (cross cover test)
- What does the Hirschberg test estimate?
- The angle of ocular misalignment based on the position of the corneal light reflex
- What does amblyopia refer to?
- Reduced best-corrected visual acuity in one eye not fully explained by structural abnormality, caused by abnormal visual development in childhood
- What causes strabismic amblyopia?
- Chronic suppression of the deviated eye's image to avoid diplopia
- What causes refractive (anisometropic) amblyopia?
- A significant difference in refractive error between the two eyes, causing chronic blur in one eye
- What causes deprivation amblyopia?
- An obstruction to the visual axis in infancy, such as a congenital cataract, preventing normal retinal image formation
- What is the standard treatment for amblyopia in the non-preferred eye?
- Occlusion (patching) or penalization of the stronger eye to force use of the weaker eye
- What is the critical period relevant to amblyopia treatment?
- The early childhood window during which the visual system is most plastic and treatment is most effective
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