Topical ophthalmic drug classes (mydriatics, glaucoma agents, antibiotics) with mechanism and key side effect, tested on the NBEO.
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- What is the mechanism of action of tropicamide?
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Muscarinic (M3) receptor antagonist that blocks the iris sphincter and ciliary muscle.- What is the typical duration of mydriasis produced by tropicamide?
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About 4 to 6 hours.- Which cycloplegic agent is most likely to cause CNS side effects (disorientation, hallucinations) in young children?
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Cyclopentolate.- What is the mechanism of action of phenylephrine in the eye?
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Alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that contracts the iris dilator muscle.- Does phenylephrine produce cycloplegia along with mydriasis?
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No, it produces mydriasis without cycloplegia.- What systemic side effect can topical phenylephrine 2.5-10% cause?
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Elevated blood pressure and tachycardia.- Which cycloplegic/mydriatic agent has the longest duration of action (up to 1-2 weeks)?
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Atropine.- What is atropine commonly used for besides cycloplegic refraction?
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Penalization therapy for amblyopia.- What test uses hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine) drops?
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A test to localize a Horner syndrome lesion as pre- or postganglionic.- What is the mechanism of action of timolol in glaucoma treatment?
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Nonselective beta-adrenergic antagonist that decreases aqueous humor production.- Name a systemic contraindication for topical timolol.
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Asthma or COPD, and bradycardia or heart block.- What is the mechanism of action of latanoprost?
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Prostaglandin F2-alpha analog that increases uveoscleral outflow.- What ocular side effect of latanoprost causes permanent iris darkening?
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Increased melanin synthesis in iris stromal melanocytes.- Besides iris pigmentation, what cosmetic side effect is common with prostaglandin analogs?
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Increased eyelash length, thickness, and number.- What is the mechanism of action of brimonidine?
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Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that decreases aqueous production and increases uveoscleral outflow.
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