Amblyopia, strabismus, retinoblastoma, retinopathy of prematurity, chemical burns, orbital cellulitis and globe rupture management.
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- What is amblyopia?
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Reduced vision in one eye caused by abnormal visual development in childhood, not fully correctable by glasses alone.- What are the three main types of amblyopia?
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Strabismic, refractive (anisometropic), and deprivation amblyopia.- What is a classic cause of deprivation amblyopia?
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A congenital cataract blocking a clear retinal image.- What is the first-line treatment for amblyopia?
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Patching (occlusion) of the stronger eye to force use of the weaker eye.- Up to about what age is the visual system most sensitive to developing amblyopia?
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Around age 7 to 9 years.- What is esotropia?
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An inward deviation of one eye toward the nose.- What is exotropia?
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An outward deviation of one eye away from the nose.- What does the Hirschberg corneal light reflex test assess?
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Ocular alignment, by checking whether a light reflex falls symmetrically on both corneas.- What does the cover-uncover test reveal?
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Uncovering the fixing eye causes the deviated eye to shift back into alignment, confirming a manifest strabismus.- What causes pseudostrabismus in infants?
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Prominent epicanthal folds that make the eyes appear crossed even though true alignment is normal.- What is the most common presenting sign of retinoblastoma?
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Leukocoria, a white pupillary reflex.- What is the second most common presenting sign of retinoblastoma?
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Strabismus, often from tumor involvement of the macula.- Which gene is mutated in retinoblastoma?
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The RB1 tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 13.- How does the hereditary form of retinoblastoma typically differ from the sporadic form?
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It presents at a younger age and is more often bilateral.- Why is biopsy avoided when retinoblastoma is suspected?
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It risks seeding tumor cells outside the eye; diagnosis relies on exam and imaging such as MRI instead.
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