Diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, retinal detachment, vascular occlusions, optic neuritis, papilledema, visual field defects and pupil abnormalities.
40 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What is the hallmark feature distinguishing proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) from nonproliferative (NPDR)?
Show answer
Retinal neovascularization (new blood vessel growth).- What is typically the earliest clinically visible sign of diabetic retinopathy?
Show answer
Microaneurysms.- What do cotton wool spots in diabetic retinopathy represent?
Show answer
Areas of retinal nerve fiber layer infarction (microinfarcts).- What is the standard treatment for proliferative diabetic retinopathy to reduce neovascularization?
Show answer
Panretinal (scatter) laser photocoagulation.- What is the first-line treatment for clinically significant diabetic macular edema?
Show answer
Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections.- Venous beading in diabetic retinopathy is a sign of what underlying process?
Show answer
Retinal ischemia and hypoxia (marker of disease severity).- What are the two main forms of age-related macular degeneration?
Show answer
Dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular/exudative).- What are drusen?
Show answer
Yellow deposits of extracellular material beneath the retinal pigment epithelium.- What causes vision loss in wet AMD?
Show answer
Choroidal neovascularization leaking fluid or blood under the retina.- What home test can patients use to monitor for AMD progression or metamorphopsia?
Show answer
Amsler grid.- What is the end-stage dry AMD finding characterized by well-demarcated areas of RPE and photoreceptor loss?
Show answer
Geographic atrophy.- What is the most common type of retinal detachment?
Show answer
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, caused by a retinal break or tear.- What classic symptom triad suggests retinal detachment?
Show answer
Sudden flashes of light, floaters, and a curtain-like shadow over vision.- What is Shafer's sign (tobacco dust) on eye exam, and what does it indicate?
Show answer
Pigment cells in the anterior vitreous, indicating a retinal tear or detachment.- Name two major risk factors for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
Show answer
High myopia and prior cataract surgery (trauma is another).
FlashKeepers