Selection bias, information bias, and confounding variable concepts and how to identify them in a study design.
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- What is selection bias?
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A systematic error arising from how study participants are selected or retained, leading to a non-representative sample- What is Berkson's bias?
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A form of selection bias where hospital-based case-control studies produce a distorted association because hospitalized controls differ systematically from the general population- What is the healthy worker effect?
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A form of selection bias where employed populations appear healthier than the general population because sicker people are less likely to be employed- What is loss to follow-up bias?
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Bias introduced when participants who drop out of a study differ systematically from those who remain- What is information bias?
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A systematic error in how exposure or outcome data is measured or classified- What is recall bias?
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A type of information bias where participants with a disease recall past exposures more accurately or differently than those without the disease- What is interviewer bias?
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A type of information bias where an interviewer's knowledge of a subject's status influences how questions are asked or recorded- What is observer bias?
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Systematic error introduced when an evaluator's expectations influence how they measure or interpret outcomes- What is nondifferential misclassification's typical effect on results?
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It occurs equally across comparison groups and typically biases results toward the null- What is differential misclassification?
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Misclassification of exposure or outcome that differs between comparison groups, which can bias results in either direction- What is confounding?
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A distortion of the true association between exposure and outcome caused by a third variable related to both- What three criteria must a variable meet to be considered a confounder?
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It must be associated with the exposure, associated with the outcome independent of the exposure, and not be an intermediate step in the causal pathway- What is confounding by indication?
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A form of confounding in observational studies where the reason a treatment was given is also related to the outcome- What study design methods can control for confounding at the design stage through participant selection?
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Restriction or matching- What analytic methods can control for confounding after data collection?
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Stratification or multivariable statistical adjustment
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