Urine physical, chemical, and microscopic examination findings, plus cerebrospinal and synovial body fluid analysis basics.
35 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What is the normal color of urine?
- Pale yellow to amber
- What pigment causes normal urine color?
- Urochrome
- What does cloudy or turbid urine commonly indicate?
- Presence of cells, crystals, bacteria, or mucus
- What is specific gravity used to assess in urine?
- The concentrating ability of the kidneys
- What is the normal reference range for urine specific gravity?
- Approximately 1.005 to 1.030
- What is the normal pH range of urine?
- Approximately 4.5 to 8.0
- What does a positive urine glucose result usually indicate?
- Hyperglycemia, most commonly from diabetes mellitus
- What does urine ketone testing detect?
- Byproducts of fat metabolism, seen in diabetic ketoacidosis or starvation
- What does a positive urine protein (dipstick) test most commonly detect?
- Albumin
- What condition is suggested by persistent proteinuria?
- Kidney disease such as glomerular damage
- What does the leukocyte esterase test on a urine dipstick detect?
- The presence of white blood cells, suggesting infection
- What does a positive nitrite test on a urine dipstick suggest?
- Presence of nitrate-reducing bacteria, such as E. coli, suggesting urinary tract infection
- What does urine bilirubin testing detect and what does a positive result suggest?
- Conjugated bilirubin, suggesting hepatobiliary disease
- What does urobilinogen testing help evaluate?
- Liver function and hemolysis, since urobilinogen is a bilirubin breakdown product
- What does a positive urine blood (heme) test with no red blood cells seen microscopically suggest?
- Hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria
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