ABO and Rh blood typing, antibody screening, and transfusion compatibility testing concepts for the blood bank section.
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- What antigens determine ABO blood type?
- A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells
- What antibodies are naturally present in a person with blood type O?
- Anti-A and anti-B antibodies
- What antibodies are present in blood type AB individuals?
- Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
- Why is blood type O negative called the universal red cell donor?
- O negative red cells lack A, B, and D (Rh) antigens, making them compatible with most recipients
- Why is blood type AB positive called the universal plasma donor?
- AB plasma lacks anti-A and anti-B antibodies
- What does the Rh(D) antigen determine?
- Whether a person is Rh positive or Rh negative
- What is forward (cell) typing?
- Testing a patient's red blood cells with known anti-A and anti-B reagents
- What is reverse (serum) typing?
- Testing a patient's serum against known A and B reagent red cells
- What is the purpose of the antibody screen (indirect antiglobulin test)?
- To detect unexpected antibodies in a patient's plasma against red cell antigens
- What does the crossmatch verify before transfusion?
- Compatibility between donor red blood cells and recipient serum
- What does an immediate spin crossmatch detect?
- ABO incompatibility
- What reagent is added in the antiglobulin (Coombs) test to detect antibody-antigen binding?
- Anti-human globulin (AHG)
- What is the difference between the direct and indirect antiglobulin test?
- The direct test detects antibodies already bound to red cells in vivo, while the indirect test detects antibodies in serum reacting with red cells in vitro
- What condition can a positive direct antiglobulin test in a newborn indicate?
- Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN)
- What is the most common cause of severe HDFN due to Rh incompatibility?
- An Rh-negative mother producing anti-D antibodies against an Rh-positive fetus
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