Antigen-antibody reactions, serologic testing methods, and autoimmune and infectious disease marker interpretation.
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- What is an antigen?
- A substance capable of triggering an immune response and binding to an antibody
- What is an antibody?
- A protein (immunoglobulin) produced by plasma cells that binds specifically to an antigen
- What are the five classes of immunoglobulins?
- IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE
- Which immunoglobulin is the first antibody produced in a primary immune response?
- IgM
- Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus?
- IgG
- Which immunoglobulin is predominant in mucosal secretions such as saliva and tears?
- IgA
- Which immunoglobulin is associated with allergic reactions and parasitic infections?
- IgE
- What is the difference between a primary and secondary immune response?
- The secondary response is faster and produces a higher antibody titer due to immunologic memory
- What is the ELISA method used for?
- Detecting and quantifying antigens or antibodies using enzyme-linked detection
- What is agglutination testing based on?
- Clumping of particles, such as red cells or latex beads, coated with antigen or antibody when the complementary substance is present
- What is the principle of precipitation reactions in serology?
- Formation of a visible precipitate when soluble antigen and antibody combine in optimal proportions
- What is the western blot test commonly used to do?
- Confirm a positive screening result, such as confirmatory HIV testing
- What test is used as an initial screen for syphilis?
- RPR (rapid plasma reagin) or VDRL
- What test is used to confirm a positive syphilis screening test?
- FTA-ABS (fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption) or TPPA
- What antibody is classically tested to diagnose infectious mononucleosis?
- Heterophile antibody (monospot test)
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