c. 1450 to 1750: European exploration, the Columbian Exchange, Atlantic slave trade, and maritime empires and trade.
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- What was the primary economic motive for European maritime expansion in the mid-15th century?
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Access to spices and other high-value Asian trade goods- Which Portuguese explorer reached India in 1498 by sailing around Africa?
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Vasco da Gama- What was the caravel?
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A small, maneuverable sailing ship with triangular sails that enabled long-distance exploration- Which explorer sailed for Spain and reached the Caribbean in 1492?
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Christopher Columbus- What did the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) establish?
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Division of the non-European world between Spain and Portugal- Who rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488?
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Bartolomeu Dias- What was the geographic significance of the Cape of Good Hope?
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It provided a sea route around Africa to reach Asia- What was the Columbian Exchange?
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The transfer of crops, animals, diseases, and people between the Americas and the Eastern Hemisphere- Name three crops that originated in the Americas
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Maize, potatoes, and tomatoes (accept other New World crops)- What disease devastated Native American populations after European contact?
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Smallpox- What animals did Europeans introduce to the Americas?
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Horses, pigs, and cattle- How did New World crops affect population growth in Europe and Africa?
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They increased food supply, enabling larger populations to be sustained- What was the triangular trade?
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Trade pattern linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas in a three-way exchange- What was the Middle Passage?
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The transatlantic voyage that transported enslaved Africans to the Americas- Approximately how many Africans were forcibly brought to the Americas as enslaved people during the Atlantic slave trade?
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More than 12 million
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