AP Chemistry reaction rates, rate laws, and equilibrium concepts including Le Chatelier's principle.
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- What is reaction rate?
- The change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time.
- Name four factors that affect reaction rate.
- Concentration, temperature, surface area, and presence of a catalyst.
- How does increasing concentration affect reaction rate?
- It increases the collision frequency between molecules, raising the reaction rate.
- How does temperature increase reaction rate?
- It increases the average kinetic energy of molecules and their collision frequency.
- What is a catalyst?
- A substance that increases the reaction rate without being consumed in the reaction.
- What is activation energy (Ea)?
- The minimum energy required for reactant molecules to overcome and form products.
- How does increasing surface area affect reaction rate?
- It increases the number of particles available for collision with other reactants.
- What does collision theory require for a reaction to occur?
- Molecules must collide with the correct orientation and sufficient energy.
- What does 'collision orientation' mean in kinetics?
- The proper spatial arrangement of atoms in colliding molecules needed for a successful reaction.
- How does temperature relate to collision frequency?
- Higher temperature causes molecules to move faster and collide more frequently.
- What is a rate law?
- A mathematical equation relating the reaction rate to the concentrations of reactants, each raised to a power.
- What does 'order' mean in a rate law?
- The exponent of a concentration term in the rate law expression.
- How is overall reaction order determined?
- By adding all the exponents (orders) of the concentration terms in the rate law.
- What is unique about the half-life of a first-order reaction?
- The half-life is constant and independent of the initial concentration.
- What is true about zero-order reaction rates?
- The rate remains constant as the concentration changes; rate is independent of concentration.