AP Chemistry atomic structure, periodicity, and bonding models including ionic, covalent, and molecular geometry.
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- What is the charge and location of a proton?
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Positive charge (+1); located in the nucleus- What is the charge and location of a neutron?
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No charge (neutral); located in the nucleus- What is the charge and relative location of an electron?
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Negative charge (-1); orbits the nucleus in electron shells- What does the atomic number of an element represent?
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The number of protons in the nucleus- Define the mass number of an atom
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The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus- What does the principal quantum number (n) indicate?
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The energy level and relative distance of an electron from the nucleus- What does the angular momentum quantum number (l) indicate?
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The shape of the orbital (s, p, d, or f)- What are the possible values for the spin quantum number (ms)?
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+1/2 or -1/2- Describe the shape of an s orbital
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Spherical- How many p orbitals are in a p subshell?
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Three (px, py, pz)- State the Aufbau principle
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Electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy, starting with the lowest energy orbital- State the Pauli exclusion principle
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No two electrons in the same atom can have identical sets of quantum numbers- State Hund's rule
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Electrons occupy orbitals singly (with parallel spins) before pairing up in the same orbital- What are valence electrons?
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Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom- What are core electrons?
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Electrons in inner shells (not the valence shell)
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