Core AP Chemistry concepts: stoichiometry, bonding, kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamics.
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- What is a mole ratio in stoichiometry?
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The ratio of moles of one substance to another in a balanced chemical equation, derived from the stoichiometric coefficients.- Define limiting reactant.
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The reactant that is completely consumed first and determines the maximum amount of product that can be formed.- What is the difference between theoretical yield and actual yield?
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Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product calculated from stoichiometry; actual yield is what is really produced experimentally.- What does percent yield measure?
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The ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage.- Define Avogadro's number.
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6.022 times 10^23, the number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions) in one mole of a substance.- Convert 24 grams of carbon to moles. (Atomic mass of C = 12 g/mol)
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2 moles. Divide mass by molar mass: 24 g / 12 g/mol = 2 mol.- What do stoichiometric coefficients represent in a balanced equation?
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The mole ratios of reactants and products in the reaction.- What is the excess reactant?
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The reactant that remains after the limiting reactant is completely consumed.- What is molar mass?
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The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol), numerically equal to the atomic or molecular weight.- Define ionic bonding.
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The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal.- Define covalent bonding.
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The bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.- What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?
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Polar covalent bonds have unequal electron sharing due to different electronegativities; nonpolar bonds have equal sharing.- What electronegativity difference indicates an ionic bond?
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A difference greater than 1.7 (or approximately 2.0) indicates an ionic bond.- What is the octet rule?
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Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve eight electrons in their valence shell (or two for hydrogen).- What information does a Lewis dot structure show?
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The valence electrons of an atom or the bonding and lone pairs in a molecule.
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