Core AP Chemistry concepts: stoichiometry, bonding, kinetics, equilibrium, thermodynamics.
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- What is a mole ratio in stoichiometry?
- The ratio of moles of one substance to another in a balanced chemical equation, derived from the stoichiometric coefficients.
- Define limiting reactant.
- The reactant that is completely consumed first and determines the maximum amount of product that can be formed.
- What is the difference between theoretical yield and actual yield?
- Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product calculated from stoichiometry; actual yield is what is really produced experimentally.
- What does percent yield measure?
- The ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage.
- Define Avogadro's number.
- 6.022 times 10^23, the number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions) in one mole of a substance.
- Convert 24 grams of carbon to moles. (Atomic mass of C = 12 g/mol)
- 2 moles. Divide mass by molar mass: 24 g / 12 g/mol = 2 mol.
- What do stoichiometric coefficients represent in a balanced equation?
- The mole ratios of reactants and products in the reaction.
- What is the excess reactant?
- The reactant that remains after the limiting reactant is completely consumed.
- What is molar mass?
- The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol), numerically equal to the atomic or molecular weight.
- Define ionic bonding.
- The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal.
- Define covalent bonding.
- The bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.
- What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?
- Polar covalent bonds have unequal electron sharing due to different electronegativities; nonpolar bonds have equal sharing.
- What electronegativity difference indicates an ionic bond?
- A difference greater than 1.7 (or approximately 2.0) indicates an ionic bond.
- What is the octet rule?
- Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve eight electrons in their valence shell (or two for hydrogen).
- What information does a Lewis dot structure show?
- The valence electrons of an atom or the bonding and lone pairs in a molecule.