Congenital heart defect recognition and pediatric asthma and bronchiolitis management scenarios tested on USMLE Step 2 CK.
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- What is the most common congenital heart defect?
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Ventricular septal defect (VSD)- What type of murmur is heard with a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?
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Holosystolic (pansystolic) murmur at the left lower sternal border- What is the classic auscultatory finding in atrial septal defect (ASD)?
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Wide, fixed splitting of S2- What type of murmur is heard with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
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A continuous 'machinery' murmur- Which maternal infection during pregnancy is classically associated with PDA in the newborn?
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Rubella- In coarctation of the aorta, how do blood pressures in the arms and legs typically compare?
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Blood pressure is higher in the arms than in the legs- Which chromosomal condition is classically associated with coarctation of the aorta?
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Turner syndrome (45,X)- What chest x-ray finding may appear in older children with coarctation of the aorta?
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Rib notching, from erosion by enlarged collateral vessels- What are the four components of tetralogy of Fallot?
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Ventricular septal defect, right ventricular outflow tract (pulmonary) stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta- What is the classic chest x-ray finding in tetralogy of Fallot?
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A boot-shaped heart- What maneuver classically relieves a hypercyanotic ('tet') spell in tetralogy of Fallot?
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Squatting, which increases systemic vascular resistance- What classic chest x-ray finding is described in transposition of the great arteries?
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An 'egg on a string' appearance- When does cyanosis typically present in transposition of the great arteries?
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Within the first day of life- What medication is given to maintain ductal patency in a newborn with a ductal-dependent congenital heart defect?
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Prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil)- What medication is used to pharmacologically close a patent ductus arteriosus?
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Indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor
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