High-yield cardiac pathology, murmurs, ECG findings, and drugs, one fact per card.
45 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What type of murmur does aortic stenosis produce?
- Systolic ejection murmur, crescendo-decrescendo
- Mitral regurgitation produces a ____ murmur best heard at the apex.
- holosystolic
- What is the characteristic murmur of mitral stenosis?
- Diastolic rumble, best heard at the apex with the patient in left lateral decubitus
- Early aortic regurgitation produces a ____ murmur.
- early diastolic decrescendo
- Patent ductus arteriosus produces what type of murmur?
- Continuous machinery murmur throughout systole and diastole
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy murmur ____ with standing (Valsalva) and decreases with squatting.
- increases
- What is Austin Flint murmur and what causes it?
- Mid-diastolic murmur caused by the aortic regurgitation jet striking the mitral valve
- The late systolic murmur with midsystolic click of ____ is heard best at the apex.
- mitral valve prolapse
- Which valve is most commonly affected in rheumatic heart disease?
- Mitral valve
- The major criteria of acute rheumatic fever include ____, polyarthritis, chorea, erythema marginatum, and subcutaneous nodules.
- carditis
- Where are endocarditis vegetations typically located on valve leaflets?
- On the closure surface (atrial side) of AV valves or ventricular side of semilunar valves
- Mitral valve prolapse is caused by ____ of the valve leaflet.
- myxomatous degeneration
- What is the most common cause of acute aortic regurgitation?
- Infective endocarditis (aortic dissection, Type A, is another important cause)
- Mechanical prosthetic valves require ____, while bioprosthetic valves do not.
- lifelong anticoagulation
- Bioprosthetic valves ____, typically lasting 10-15 years.
- degenerate over time