Bronchodilator and corticosteroid delivery devices plus oxygen delivery device selection concepts tested on respiratory therapist certification exams.
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- What do beta-2 agonists do in the airways?
- Stimulate beta-2 adrenergic receptors, causing bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and bronchodilation.
- Name three short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABAs).
- Albuterol (salbutamol), levalbuterol, terbutaline.
- How long do long-acting beta-2 agonists (LABAs) work?
- 12 or more hours; used for maintenance therapy, not rescue.
- Give two examples of LABAs.
- Salmeterol, formoterol.
- How do anticholinergic bronchodilators work?
- Block acetylcholine receptors on airway smooth muscle, preventing muscle contraction.
- Name a short-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator.
- Ipratropium bromide.
- What type of drug is tiotropium?
- A long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator used for maintenance therapy in COPD.
- How does theophylline cause bronchodilation?
- Phosphodiesterase inhibition and adenosine receptor antagonism.
- What are inhaled corticosteroids?
- Anti-inflammatory medications delivered directly to the airways to reduce airway inflammation.
- Name three common inhaled corticosteroids.
- Beclomethasone, fluticasone, budesonide.
- Why are inhaled corticosteroids preferred over systemic corticosteroids?
- They deliver medication directly to the lungs with minimal systemic absorption, reducing side effects.
- What is a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI)?
- A handheld device with a pressurized canister that delivers a measured dose of medication as an aerosol with each actuation.
- What is proper MDI technique?
- Coordinate actuation with inhalation, hold breath 5-10 seconds, wait 30-60 seconds between puffs.
- What is a nebulizer?
- A device that converts liquid medication into fine aerosol particles for inhalation via mouthpiece or mask.
- What is the main advantage of a nebulizer over an MDI?
- No coordination required, produces continuous aerosol, useful for patients who cannot coordinate MDI actuation.